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Architecture Overview

Databend is an open-source Elastic and Workload-Aware modern cloud data warehouse focusing on Low-Cost and Low-Complexity for your massive-scale analytics needs.

Databend uses the latest techniques in vectorized query processing to allow you to do blazing-fast data analytics on object storage: (S3, Azure Blob, Google Cloud Storage, Alibaba Cloud OSS, Tencent Cloud COS, Huawei Cloud OBS, Cloudflare R2, Wasabi or MinIO).

  • Feature-Rich

    Support SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/COPY/ALTER, Time Travel, Multi Catalog(Apache Hive/Apache Iceberg).

  • Instant Elasticity

    Databend completely separates storage from compute, which allows you easily scale up or scale down based on your application's needs.

  • Blazing Performance

    Databend leverages data-level parallelism(Vectorized Query Execution) and instruction-level parallelism(SIMD) technology, offering blazing performance data analytics.

  • Git-like MVCC Storage

    Databend stores data with snapshots. It's easy to query, clone, and restore historical data in tables.

  • Support for Semi-Structured Data

    Databend supports ingestion of semi-structured data in various formats like CSV, JSON, and Parquet, which are located in the cloud or your local file system; Databend also supports semi-structured data types: ARRAY, MAP, JSON, which is easy to import and operate on semi-structured.

  • Easy to Use

    Databend has no indexes to build, no manual tuning required, no manual figuring out partitions or shard data, it’s all done for you as data is loaded into the table.

Design Overview​

This is the high-level architecture of Databend. It consists of three components:

  • meta service layer
  • compute layer
  • storage layer

Databend Architecture

Meta Service Layer​

The meta service is a layer to service multiple tenants. This layer implements a persistent key-value store to store each tenant's state. In the current implementation, the meta service has many components:

  • Metadata, which manages all metadata of databases, tables, clusters, the transaction, etc.
  • Administration, which stores user info, user management, access control information, usage statistics, etc.
  • Security, which performs authorization and authentication to protect the privacy of users' data.

The code of Meta Service Layer mainly resides in the metasrv directory of the repository.

Compute Layer​

The compute layer is the layer that carries out computation for query processing. This layer may consist of many clusters, and each cluster may consist of many nodes. Each node is a computing unit and is a collection of components:

  • Planner

    The query planner builds an execution plan from the user's SQL statement and represents the query with different types of relational operators (such as Projection, Filter, Limit, etc.).

    For example:

    databend :) EXPLAIN SELECT avg(number) FROM numbers(100000) GROUP BY number % 3
    ┌─explain─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
    │ Projection: avg(number):Float64                                                                                                                                                         │
    │   AggregatorFinal: groupBy=[[(number % 3)]], aggr=[[avg(number)]]                                                                                                                       │
    │     AggregatorPartial: groupBy=[[(number % 3)]], aggr=[[avg(number)]]                                                                                                                   │
    │       Expression: (number % 3):UInt8, number:UInt64 (Before GroupBy)                                                                                                                    │
    │         ReadDataSource: scan schema: [number:UInt64], statistics: [read_rows: 100000, read_bytes: 800000, partitions_scanned: 11, partitions_total: 11], push_downs: [projections: [0]] │
    └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

  • Optimizer

    A rule-based optimizer, some rules like predicate push down or pruning of unused columns.

  • Processors

    A Pull&Push-Based query execution pipeline, which is built by planner instructions. Each pipeline executor is a processor(such as SourceTransform, FilterTransform, etc.), it has zero or more inputs and zero or more outputs, and connected as a pipeline, it also can be distributed on multiple nodes judged by your query workload.

    For example:

    databend :) EXPLAIN PIPELINE SELECT avg(number) FROM numbers(100000) GROUP BY number % 3
    ┌─explain────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
    │ ProjectionTransform × 16 processors                                                    │
    │   Mixed (GroupByFinalTransform × 1 processor) to (ProjectionTransform × 16 processors) │
    │     GroupByFinalTransform × 1 processor                                                │
    │       Merge (GroupByPartialTransform × 16 processors) to (GroupByFinalTransform × 1)   │
    │         GroupByPartialTransform × 16 processors                                        │
    │           ExpressionTransform × 16 processors                                          │
    │             SourceTransform × 16 processors                                            │
    └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Node is the smallest unit of the compute layer. A set of nodes can be registered as one cluster via namespace. Many clusters can attach the same database, so they can serve the query in parallel by different users. When you add new nodes to a cluster, the currently running computational tasks can be scaled(known as work-stealing) guarantee.

The Compute Layer codes are mainly in the query directory.

Storage Layer​

Databend stores data in an efficient, columnar format as Parquet files. For efficient pruning, Databend also creates indexes for each Parquet file:

  • min_max.idx The index file stores the minimum and maximum value of this Parquet file.
  • sparse.idx The index file store the <key, parquet-page> mapping for every [N] records' granularity.

With the indexes, we can speed up the queries by reducing the I/O and CPU costs. Imagine that Parquet file f1 has min_max.idx of [3, 5) and Parquet file f2 has min_max.idx of [4, 6) in column x if the query predicate is WHERE x < 4, only f1 needs to be accessed and processed.

Getting Started​

Community​

  • Slack (For live discussion with the Community)
  • GitHub (Feature/Bug reports, Contributions)
  • Twitter (Get the news fast)
  • Weekly (A weekly newsletter about the Databend)

Roadmap​

License​

Databend is licensed under Apache 2.0.

Acknowledgments​